Assignment
Athlete skeletal system
Example for the 5 types of bone
flat-ribs
short- tarsals
long- humerus bone
irregular- invertebrate
seanoid-pettala
3 different types of joints
-fixed example of this is your skull
-irregular example of this is invertebrate
-synovial 6 different types are below
6 types of synovial joints
-saddle
-ball and socket
-hinge
-conderliod
-gliding
-pivert
two examples
/ ball and socket is a motion in the shoulder these movements occur flextion, rotation, extension, abduction and aduction
Another example is hinge is a motion in your knee these movements are flexion and extension
short term responses of exercise on the skeletal system
- my client will produce more synovial fluid
helps his joint to be more lucubrated this benefits my athlete during a football match because when my athlete is on the ball and he is trying to beat a set of players in a fast motion changing speed and the angles of his runs to do this he bends parts of his body for example his knee meaning he needs more synovial fluid for that joint so his knees is lubricated if not friction will occur at his knee which will cause his joint to wear of and cause injury.
- his range of movement will improve
so he will be able to stretch at a better range this benefits my athlete because in a footballer match if my athlete is defending or intercepting a ball that has been passed through my athlete will have a good enough range to stretch out and grab the ball with out having to run a bit forward to intercept the ball.
- also his joint will become warmer
so he will be able to stretch his ligaments more this benefits my athletes as his joints will be warmer meaning he will produce synovail fluid helping to lucubrate the joints helping to wear away the joint during a high intensity burst run towards goal
long term responses of exercise on the skeletal system
- he will have stronger ligaments
this is better as my client will have stronger support this will help my athlete because it will allow him to move it different motions and this will protect my athlete in a game from injury because his ligaments will be stronger if weak my athlete will get injured easily.
- increased bone density
better for my client as his bones will become stronger this will be a massive advantage for my athlete because if in a football game my athlete is running with the ball and the player marking him fouls him bad and he could possibly be injured the increased of bone density will protect his bones and make them stronger and it make a lower possibility of getting injured or breaking any bones.
- increased joint range of movement
my client will be able to stretch better this is better for my athlete because if he can stretch better means that in the warm up before a game he can get his muscles warm and loose quicker rather then keeping them a bit tight affecting his game and if getting tackled gaining injury.
- he will have an increased synoval fluid production
helps his joint to be more lucubrated this is the same as the short term again the this benefits my athlete during a football match because when my athlete is on the ball and he is trying to beat a set of players in a fast motion he bends parts of his body for example his knee meaning he needs more synovial fluid for that joint so his knees is lubricated if not friction will occur at his knee which will cause his joint to wear of and cause injury.
Athlete muscle system 21 main muscles
taking my athlete through them all
Different muscle fibers
Type 1 fiber - long duration however low intensity this fiber cant relate to a marathon for example mo faraha as hes a long distance runner.
Type 2 is broken into to parts type and type b
Type 2 a - medium duration and medium intensity a good example for this is 400m sprint
Type 2 b - short duration and high intensity a good example for this is 100m sprint, Usain Bolt will use type 2 b because he competes in the 100 meter sprint and that is a short bust of high intensity and short duration.
Contraction of muscles
Itonic contraction is when the muscle changes length , the short contraction is called concentric an example of this is throwing or shooting a basket ball, a long contraction is called eccentric an example of this is decelerating when running.
Isometric is when there is no change in the muscle for example if you where in a rugby scrum
There are different types of movements in the muscles one movement is called agonist this is the muscle that is working, the muscle that is not working is called the antagonist this is the muscle that is relaxing , stabilizer muscles help you with an action that might be throwing a ball for example, finally a fixator muscle holds joints in place.
skeletal : acute
increase in synovial fluid to help us lubricate the joint this helps it as it will create the better flow of movement.
chronic :-
1) bone density increases
2) increased ligament strength
3) increased thickness in hyaline cartilage
4) increase in synovial fluid production
ATP - adenosine triposhate
(A)
(P) (P) (P)
(when a phosphate breaks down it releases energy)
ATP - stands for adenosine triphosphate , this is the body universal energy it is all in the body for example your movement , thinking , talking also your digestion and heart beat.
when energy is needed in the body a molecule called enzymes ( atpase ) to break energy bonds this helps as it releases universal energy.
Enzymes - ( chemical reaction )
(A)
(P) (P) (p)---- Free phophote
Adenosine Diphophate
when energy is relesed in the body we have to cells named adenosine diphophate and a free phosphate when the energy is released.
ATP stores for at least 0-2 seconds
hitting a tennis ball on serving is an example of a sporting action that will be fueled by ATP
ATP / PC system (phospote)P---C(creating)
out first pathway to renew energy is through the ATP/PC system . are muscles contains store of a certain muscle called phophacreatine. phophacreatine is made up of 1 phophate and 1 creatine . To synthesis we have to take phophate from phophacreatine so we can attach it back to ADP to make ATP.
To braak the bond of phophacreatine we use creatine kinase
ATP/PC is high intensity uses to do things as we can for example 100 meters runner like usain bolt will use high amounts of ATP/PC
ATP/PC short durance and high intesity
This only produces 1 ATP per one molecule of phophacreatine.
lactic acid
Lactic acid is the procedure of breaking down glucose in the
absence of oxygen this processes happens when ATP-PC is finished this produces
a high intensity of ATP lasting between 2-3 minutes for example when your play
2-3 minute quick game of basketball where you work at a high intensity before resting.
Aerobic
If we were going to carry out an activity after 3 minutes
the intensity must drop because we there will be high increases of lactic acid
building up in are muscles.
We can break down glucose, glycogen and fat this provides
energy for moderate intensities such as running for 3 minutes – 1 hour this is
vital for stamina for example a sport that would us a lot of this is football
or basketball
energy continuum
The energy continuum is the interaction of 3 energy systems
this provides energy to resynthesize ATP. This shows the predominant system /
percentage of each system however this is dependent to on the intensity and
duration of your selected activity
At the beginning of exercise all 3 energy systems start the dominant
system initially is the ATP/PC as shown
in the diagram blow. As the pc is fatigued
(ATP-PC / LATIC ACID THRESHOLD) the lactic acid system takes over, however this
depends on the activity that your choose to do , the lactic acid / aerobic threshold
is reached is between 1 – 3 minutes. Now the aerobic system now becomes the main
provider of energy for ATP resynthesize.
sporting example ( football )
A footballer is related to energy continuum because the 3 energy systems start to overlap for example in football match if you was to sprint to a ball then turn out slowly and start to dribble slowly you are using all energy systems in all of that movement , for your sprint to the ball you are using ATP-PC then when you turn out with the ball your using lactic acid because you’re going from a high intensity burst to a slow recovery and when your slowly running with the ball its using your aerobic energy system
Acute responses to the muscular
system
Increase size of Blood
supply the heart pumps more circulating more blood ever beat , this helps
are body’s to work longer, known as endurance
Increase size of Pliability
as are muscles become more warm
and this will prevent us from gaining any injury’s as the muscles will have a
much greater range of movement this will also avoid any pulls and strains
Increase size of Range
of movement range of movement is how far you can stretch certain muscles
for example if your muscles are tight or cold this will limit your movement
Increase size of Micro
tears during exercise the muscles are put under a lot of stress especially
if you’re lifting a heavy weight so over time this will cause the muscle to
micro tears will rip and grow time stronger
Chronic responses to the muscular
system
Increase size of hyper
trophy this is when you do weeks of training you tear your muscles and the
micro fibres grow back bigger and stronger
Increase size of Strength
Hypertrophy also links to strength because as your muscles get bigger and
stronger this means your strength will improve as your micro tears have grown
back bigger
Increase size of Tendon
strength as your muscles get bigger for example your biceps, the tendon in
your biceps needs to be strong as it will be harder to rip and it needs to
sustain the muscle
Increase size of
tolerance to lactic acid means that you can deal with the lactic acid waste
product which means you can carry out your activity for a longer period of time
Number of mitochondria (power house cells )when you are training your body needs energy so the mitochondria in muscles
cells will self-replicate the result is more available energy for greater
aerobic endurance.
Myoglobin Myoglobin means more and better Oxygen transport this improves aerobic
energy production , stores oxygen in the cells
Storage of fat and
glycogen this uses energy for aerobic exercise because it gives you quick
bursts, such as sprinting and weightlifting your body gets energy from stored
carbohydrates then your body breaks down the carbohydrates and relies on fat
however this isn’t efficient enough to provide energy so you your body starts to
get fatigued.
Acute responses to the energy system.
The atp-pc systems can only last 507seconds before the PC
stores are depleted
Lactate threshold- If exercise continues at a very high
intensity, oxygen will not be available at a fast enough rate to allow the anaerobic
metabolism rate to take over; the production of lactic acid will reach the
point where it interferes with muscular function.
Muscles will eventually begin to fatigue when ATP
re-synthesis can no longer match the demands.
ATP is the first sources of energy in case of any high
intensity demand sport/exercise and it generally lasts 2-3 seconds.
Aerobic and anaerobic enzymes- Increase in size and number
of mitochondria are accompanied by increase in the enzymes that work inside to
increase the production of aerobic energy.
Glycogen stores- These increase within the muscle cell and
can then lead to increased duration/speed of performance.
Fat- Is a main source of energy, during low intensity
exercise. When glycogen stores deplete during long periods of exercise the use
of fat as a fuel increases.
When my athlete is shooting he stands on one leg for balance
and he also uses his arm to balance to gain the best connection with the ball. The
leg he brings back his quads act as antagonist while his hamstring acts as the
agonist, this is known as the prime mover. When my athlete is bringing back his
leg it’s called flexion.
As my athlete swings his leg forward their quadriceps
becomes the agonist and their hamstring becomes the antagonist. The antagonist
is the muscle which relaxes during this and the agonist is the muscle that
contracts to create movement. This swings my athlete’s legs forward this is
called extension. Extension and flexion is happening at the hinge joint in the
knee. If my athlete took a finesse shot he would be rotating his leg in order
to hit the ball with the instep of your foot that movement there is called rotation
and happens at the ball and socket joint in your hip.
The muscle that stabilises a joint around which movement is
occurring is call synergist, this helps with the agonist function effectively, and
they also help to create the movement.
The fixator in a movement is the muscles that hold the origin
of the agonist and the joint that the origin moves over in order to help the
agonist work more efficiently. For example in a bicep curl this would be the rotator
cuff muscles, the majority of fixator muscles are found working around the hip and
shoulder joints
The muscle fibre are used be my athlete to carry this out
would be fibre type 2b, which is fast twitch fibres and last for a short time
this would be suited for athletes that take part in 100 meter sprint like Usain
bolt. My athlete would use this because he would take on a shot or a pass and
these are fast movements 1 or 2 seconds max, my athlete would use this muscle
fibre type when taking a shot as the other team will want to shut him down fast
so he would have to take a shot on fast to avoid being shut down therefore he would
be using type 2b in order to act as fast as he can.
If my athlete was to use type 1 muscles it would be bad as
these are slow twitch fibres and are used by marathon runners like mo farah
this means it will take long for my athlete to take a shot or pass as it takes
long compared to using type 2 fibres, this will make him a bad player as he
would get shut down fast because he can’t releases the ball quickly resulting
in a substitution or possibly being dropped from the team.
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